Friday 7 August 2015

Vol IV - Table of Contents



TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. THE INQUIRY’S APPROACH.............................. 3
1.    The Nature of the Inquiry......................... 3
1.1.. The Terms of Reference...................... 3
1.2.. The Inquiry is the First of its Kind........ 3
1.3.. Public Participation........................ 5

2.    The Terms of Reference Defined.................... 7
2.1.. The Simblist Inquiry and Reports
Flowing from the Simblist Inquiry........... 7
2.2.. The Planned County Road Corridor
Reservation Known as the Kyeemagh-
Chullora Road............................... 8
2.3.. The Need for a Major Regional Road
Link in the planned Corridor................ 8
2.4.. The Central Industrial Area................. 9
2.5.. The Western Sub-Region of
Sydney..................................... 11
2.6.. The South Western Sub-Region of
Sydney..................................... 11
2.7.. A Major Road (or Combination of
Roads) Linking the Central Industrial
Area and the Western and South-
Western Sub-Regions........................ 14
2.8.. The Environmental and Social
Impact..................................... 14
2.9.. Economics of Transport, Especially
Goods Movement............................. 15
2.10. Possible Development of
Alternative Transport Modes................ 16

3.    The Philosophy of This Report.................... 17
3.1.. The Environmental Standard
Established by the State Pollution
Control Commission......................... 17
3.2.. The Approach Taken in the United
Kingdom.................................... 18
3.3.. The Philosophy Applied in the United
States of America.......................... 18
3.4.. The Approach of the MANS Study............. 20
3.5.. The Conclusion of this Inquiry............. 21
3.6.. A Question of Onus......................... 23
3.7.. The Format of this Report.................. 24

II. WHEN IS A MAJOR ROAD NEEDED?...................... 26
1.    A Question of philosophy: When is a
Road Needed?..................................... 26
1.1.. The Study Area............................. 26
1.2.. The Issues Before the Inquiry.............. 26
2.. When Is Traffic a Problem?....................... 28
2.1.. What is a Traffic problem?................. 28
2.2.. The Metropolitan Road System Will
Continue to Function....................... 29
2.3.. The Consequences of Doing
Nothing.................................... 31
3.. Traffic and Land Use............................. 32
3.1.. Statement of the principle................. 32
3.2.. The Implications of the Inter-
action..................................... 32
3.3.. The Aims of the Land Use/
Transport Planning Process................. 32
3.4.. A Traffic problem Need Not Be
Answered by a Transport Solution........... 34
3.5.. The Options Before this Inquiry............ 35
3.6.. The Land Use Consequences of
Transport Decisions........................ 36
3.6.1.. The Concept of a Travel
Budget.............................. 36
3.6.2.. The Influence of Transport
Upon City Shape..................... 36
3.7.. The Transport Consequences of Land
Use Decisions.............................. 37
4.. Congestion....................................... 38
4.1.. Medical Terminology........................ 38
4.2.. The Attitude of the Department of
Main Roads to Congestion................... 38
4.3.. The Expansion of Traffic to Fill
the Available Road Space................... 40
4.4.. Congestion Must be Accepted in
Certain Areas.............................. 40
4.5.. Other Reasons Why Congestion Must
be Tolerated............................... 41
5.. The Concept of Accessibility..................... 42
5.1.. Definition................................. 42
5.2.. Accessibility by Commuters................. 43
5.3.. The Benefits Opened Up by
Maximizing, Accessibility.................. 43
5.4.. Contrast a Plan Dedicated to
Reasonable Accessibility Within
Regions.................................... 44
5.5.. Where There is a problem of
Accessibility, What Can be Done?........... 45
5.6.. Accessibility for Trucks................... 45
5.7.. Accessibility May Have to be
Sacrificed to Other Objectives............. 46
6.. The Concept of a Road Hierarchy.................. 47
6.1.. The Functional Classification of
Roads...................................... 47
6.2.. The Concept of Truck Routeing.............. 47
6.3.. The Use of a Road Hierarchy to
Improve Residential Amenity................ 48
6.4.. The Opportunity Offered by SCAT............ 48
7.. Ordering of Priorities........................... 49
7.1.. The Road Construction Budget is
Shrinking.................................. 49
7.2.. The Issues to be Addressed................. 49
7.3.. The Equitable Allocation of
Funds...................................... 50
7.4.. The Need to Examine a Range of
Alternatives............................... 51

III. PRESENT TRAFFIC CONDITIONS....................... 55

1.    The Basis of the Assessment..................... 55
1.1.. Assessment of Traffic Conditions........... 55
1.2.. The Public's Consciousness of
Traffic as a problem....................... 56
2.. Where are the Traffic problems?.................. 57
2.1.. The URTAC Report of February, 1976......... 57
2.2.. N.R.M.A. Travel Speed Assessments
April, 1978................................ 58
2.3.. Transportation System Management
Survey l978................................ 61
2.4.. The Joint Study Report..................... 72
2.5.. The Submissions to the Inquiry............. 73
2.6.. The Submission from the
Department of Main Roads................... 75
2.7.. Evidence Before the Inquiry................ 78
2.8.. The Inquiry’s Conclusion................... 81

IV. FUTURE TRAFFIC CONDITIONS......................... 85
1.    Traffic Forecasting.............................. 85
1.1.. The Hazards of Forecasting................. 85
1.2.. The Danger of Traffic Forecasts............ 85
1.3.. The Chapter Will Examine
Trends..................................... 87
2.. Extrapolation of Past Trends..................... 88
2.1.. The Technique Described.................... 88
2.2.. Past Traffic Growth South of
Sydney Harbour............................. 89
3.. Traffic Predictions Made by a Traffic Model...... 90
3.1.. Traffic is Regular and Therefore
Predictable................................ 90
3.2.. The Methodology Employed in the
Transportation Model....................... 91
3.3.. The Assumptions Underlying the
Model...................................... 92
3.4.. The Price and the Availability of
Fuel....................................... 94
3.4.1... The Issues Which Must be
Addressed.......................... 94
3.4.2... The Future is Highly
Uncertain.......................... 94
3.5.. What is the Base Case?..................... 95
3.5.1... Description of the Base
Case............................... 95
3.5.2... Is Canterbury Road to
be Widened?........................ 97
3.5.3 .. Does the Base Case Include
SCAT?.............................. 99
3.6.. What Growth Does the Model
Predict?.................................. 102
3.7.. Growth in Truck Traffic................... 105
4.. Generators of Future Traffic.................... 106
4.1.. Kingsford Smith Airport, Mascot........... 106
4.1.2... The Future of Kingsford/
Smith Airport..................... 106
4.1.2... The Issues to be
Considered........................ 109
4.1.3... The Future Level of
Traffic........................... 110
4.1.4... The Composition of Airport
Traffic........................... 113
4.1.5... The Time of Day at Which
Movements are Made................ 114
4.1.6... The Direction of Travel........... 115
4.1.7... Can the Traffic be Other
Wise Accommodated?................ 117
4.2.. Port Botany............................... 117
4.2.1... The Simblist Inquiry,
November, 1976.................... 117
4.2.2... The Container Traffic............. 118
4.2.3... The Western Suburbs Scheme
Recommended by the Inquiry........ 119
4.2.4... The Effect Upon Traffic of
the Inquiry’s proposal............ 120
4.2.5... The Traffic Generated by
Other port Activities............. 122
4.3.. The Central Industrial Area............... 123
4.3.1... The Issues to be
Considered........................ 123
4.3.2... Population Estimates for the
Central Industrial Area........... 124
4.3.3... The Decline in Manufacturing
Employment........................ 124
4.3.4... Structural Changes in the
Central Industrial Area........... 126
4.3.5... The Traffic Implications
of Change......................... 130
4.3.6... The Geographical Orientation
of Traffic........................ 134
4.4.. The Western Region........................ 138
4.5      The South-Western Region.................. 139

5.    The Inquiry's Conclusion........................ 143

V. THE OPTIONS....................................... 149
1.    The Need for a Range of Alternatives............ 149
1.1.. The Principle Stated...................... 149
1.2.. Submissions to the Inquiry................ 149
2.. The Nature of the Options proposed.............. 151
2.1.. Introduction.............................. 151
2.2.. The Road Options.......................... 151
2.3.. The Public Transport Alternatives......... 152
2.4.. The Use of Barges......................... 154

VI. PUBLIC TRANSPORT................................. 159
1.    A Public Transport Alternative?................. 159
1.1.. The Terms of Reference.................... 159
1.2.. The Joint Study Report.................... 159
1.3.. The Effect of a New Road on Public
Transport Patronage....................... 160
2.. Submissions to the Inquiry...................... 161
2.1.. The General Nature of Submissions......... 161
2.2.. The Botany Bay Sub-Region Community
Advisory Committee........................ 162
2.3.. The Cooks River Valley Association........ 163
2.4.. The Beverly Hills Progress
Association............................... 163
2.5.. The National Roads and Motorists'
Association (NRMA)........................ 164
2.6.. Submissions from the Local
Councils.................................. 164
3.. The Upgrading of the Botany Goods Line.......... 165
3.1.. The Eastern Suburbs Railway as a
Bench Mark of the Increased
Attractiveness of Public Transport........ 165
3.2.. Difficulties in the Concept of
the Botany Goods Line..................... 168
4.. Recommendation.................................. 171

VII. THE BEXLEY ROAD OPTION.......................... 175
1.    The Nature of the Option........................ 175
1.1.. A Low Cost Option......................... 175
1.2.. The Bexley Road Option Described.......... 175
1.3.. The Issues to be Considered............... 176
2.. The Transportation Implication of the
Bexley Road Option.............................. 177
2.1.. Network Congestion........................ 177
2.2.. The Nature of Bexley Road................. 177
2.3.. The Increase in Traffic on
Bexley Road............................... 182
2.4.. The Effect Upon Congestion
Throughout the Study Area................. 183
2.5.. The Land Use Implications of the
Bexley Option............................. 187
3.. The Economic Criteria........................... 188
3.1.. Cost/Benefit Analysis..................... 188
3.2.. The Concept of Equity..................... 192
4.. The Social Effects.............................. 193
4.1.. Displacement of People and
Property.................................. 193
4.2.. Properties Injuriously Affected........... 194
4.3.. Effect Upon Community Properties
and Facilities............................ 195
4.4.. Effects on Business and
Employment................................ 196
4.5.. The Effect on Accidents................... 196
4.6      Severance................................. 199

5.    Environmental Consequences...................... 203
5.1.. Noise..................................... 203
5.1.1... Effects of Traffic................ 203
5.1.2... The Bestic Street/
Villiers Street Sub-Option........ 203
5.1.3... The Harrow Road/Bay
........ Street Sub-Option................. 206
5.1.4... Bexley Road....................... 207
5.1.5... The Campsie By-Pass............... 207
5.2.. Air Pollution............................. 209
5.3.. Vibrations................................ 210
5.4.. Ecological Consequences................... 210
5.5.. Open Space Consequences................... 211
5.6.. The Visual Effects........................ 211
6.. Opposition to the Bexley Road Option............ 212
6.1.. The Rockdale Council...................... 212
6.2.. The Canterbury Municipal Council.......... 212
6.3.. The Council of the Municipality of
Kogarah................................... 213
6.4.. The Hurstville Municipal Council.......... 213
6.5.. Submissions Concerning Bestic
Street/Villiers Street.................... 214
7.. The Retention of Corridors...................... 215
7.1.. The Rockdale By-Pass Corridor............. 215
7.2.. The Campsie By-Pass Corridor.............. 219
8.. Recommendations................................. 219

VIII. THE SOUTH WESTERN OPTION
1.. The Nature of the Options....................... 227
1.1.. A Division Between Government
Departments............................... 227
1.2.. The Cost of a South-Western
Freeway................................... 227
1.3.. The Study Area and the Terms of
Reference................................. 228
1.4.. Is the South-Western Option
Inevitable?............................... 230
2.    Variations Upon the South-Western
Theme........................................... 231
2.1.. Introduction.............................. 231
2.2.. Work to the East of King Georges
Road...................................... 232
2.2.1... The Original Conception of the
South-Western Freeway............. 232
2.2.2... The South-Western Option in
the Joint Study Report............ 232
2.2.3... The South-Western Freeway
Option............................ 233
2.2.4... A Revised Alignment
Suggested by this Inquiry......... 234
2.2.5... Advantages of the Revised
Alignment......................... 235
2.2.6... Why Was the Original
........ Alignment Chosen?................. 236
2.2.7       Tire Use of the Railway
Easement.......................... 240
2.3.. Works to the West of King Georges Road.... 243
2.3.1... The Picnic Point Connection....... 243
2.3.2... A Connection Between Fairford
Road and King Georges Road........ 243
2.4.. The Problem of the Eastern Terminus....... 245
3.. Transport and Planning Implications............. 246
3.1.. A Sequence of Questions................... 246
3.2.. The Effect Upon Network Congestion........ 247
3.2.1... The Work to the West of
King Georges Road................. 247
3.2.2... Congestion Within the Study
Area.............................. 251
3.2.3... The Effect Upon Marrickville...... 256
3.2.4... The Effects Upon Congestion....... 261
3.3.. The Land-Use Implications of
Constructing the South-Western
Option.................................... 261
3.3.1... Introduction...................... 261
3.3.2... It Would Accentuate the
Attraction of the City Centre..... 263
3.3.3... It Would Accentuate the
Central Industrial Area........... 263
3.3.4... It Would Compromise the Aim
of Self-Containment............... 264
3.3.5... It Would Encourage Long
Journeys.......................... 265
3.3.6... The Road Will Generate Further
Traffic........................... 265
3.3.7... The Option Would be in
Competition with Rail............. 269
3.3.8... Other Implications Adverse to
the South-Western Option.......... 270

4.    The Economic Criteria........................... 273
4.1.. Cost/Benefit Analysis..................... 273
4.1.1... The Construction Costs for the
South-Western Option are
Understated....................... 273
4.1.2... The Valuation of Open Space....... 275
4.1.3... Marginal Cost/Benefit
Analysis.......................... 277
4.1.4... The Benefit/Cost Ratios
Produced for the South-Western
Freeway........................... 278
4.1.5... Commentary Upon Cost/Benefit
Performance....................... 283
4.1.6... The High Economic Return
Required.......................... 285
4.2   Equity.................................... 285
5.  The Social Criteria............................. 286
5.1   Displacement of People and Property....... 286
5.2   Accidents................................. 291
5.3   Severance................................. 294
5.3.1... The Areas of Severance............ 294
5.3.2... The Kyeemagh Community............ 295
5.3.3... The Wolli Creek Valley............ 295
5.3.4... The Route at Beverly Hills........ 298
6.  Environmental Implications...................... 300
6.1   The Noise Induced by the South-
Western Freeway........................... 300
6.2   Air Pollution............................. 304
6.3   Ecological Consequences................... 306
6.3.1... What is Ecology................... 306
6.3.2... The Nature of the Area
Threatened........................ 307
6.3.3... How Valuable is the Area?......... 309
6.3.4... What Would Happen to the
Wolli Creek?...................... 311
6.4   Visual Intrusion.......................... 316
6.5   The Effect Upon Open Space................ 317
6.6   The Environmental Consequences of
the South-Western Option.................. 319
7.    The Retention of the South-Western
Corridor........................................ 321

7.1.. The Wolli Creek Afflicted by
Planning Blight........................... 321
7.2.. Submissions to the Inquiry................ 322
7.3.. Will the Release of the Corridor
Prejudice Work to the West of King
Georges Road?............................. 323
7.4.. When is the Corridor Likely to be
Needed?................................... 325
7.5.. The Effect of Releasing the
Corridor.................................. 327
7.6.. What are the Options and What
Should be Done?........................... 329

8.    Recommendations................................. 332

IX. THE COOKS RIVER OPTION........................... 339
1.    Nature of the Option............................ 339
1.1.. The Resurrection of the Kyeemagh-
Chullora County Road...................... 339
1.2.. Two Sub-Options Before the Inquiry........ 340
1.3.. The Problem of the Eastern
Terminus.................................. 341
1.4.. There is No Road to Recommend............. 344

2.    Transport and Planning Implications............. 345
2.1.. A Sequence of Questions................... 345
2.2.. The Case Made Out for the Cooks
River Option.............................. 346
2.3.. The Effect Upon Network Congestion........ 347
2.3.1... Existing Problems................. 347
2.3.2... Will the Road Assist
Marrickville?..................... 352
2.3.3... The Attitude of the
Canterbury Council................ 353
2.3.4... The Attitude of Other Local
Councils.......................... 354
2.4.. It Addresses Existing Problems............ 355
2.5.. The Route Best Caters for Future
Growth.................................... 357
2.5.1... Introduction...................... 357
2.5.2... Airport Traffic................... 357
2.5.3... Port Traffic...................... 357
2.5.4... Central Industrial Area
Traffic........................... 358
2.6.. Is There a Missing Link?.................. 359
2.7.. The Route Would be Attractive to
Trucks.................................... 360
2.8.. The Land-Use Implications of the
Cooks River Route......................... 362
2.8.1... The URTAC Policy
Directives........................ 362
2.8.2... The Route Would Encourage
Cross-Regional Commuting.......... 363
2.8.3... The Facility Will Strengthen
the Attraction of the Central
Industrial Area................... 365
2.9.......... Can the Problem be Solved by Some
Other Means?...................... 367
2.9.1... The Need for a Range of
Alternatives...................... 367
2.9.2... A Road Hierarchy.................. 369
2.9.3... A Network of Truck Routes......... 370
2.9.4... Spot Improvements................. 371

3. The Economic Criteria........................... 373
3.1.. Cost/Benefit Analysis..................... 373
3.1.1... The Construction Costs for
the Cooks River Option are
Understated....................... 373
3.1.2... The Benefit/Cost Ratios
Produced by the Cooks River
Option............................ 375
3.1.3... Commentary Upon the Cost/
Benefit performance............... 376
3.1.4... A High Economic Return
Required.......................... 377
3.2.. Equity.................................... 378

4. The Social Criteria............................. 378
4.1.. Displacement of people and
Property.................................. 379
4.1.1... Properties Fully
Acquired.......................... 378
4.1.2... Properties Partially
Acquired.......................... 381
4.1.3... Properties Injuriously
Affected.......................... 382
4.2.. Accidents................................. 383
4.3.. Severance................................. 385
5. Environmental Implications...................... 388
5.1.. The Noise Induced by the Cooks
River Option.............................. 388
5.2.. Air Pollution............................. 392
5.3.. Ecological Consequences................... 393
5.4.. Visual Intrusion.......................... 394
5.5.. Loss Of Open Space........................ 395
5.6.. The Environmental Consequences of
the Cooks River Option.................... 398

6. The Retention of the Cooks River Corridor....... 400
6.1.. The Cooks River Valley Afflicted by
Planning Blight........................... 400
6.2.. The Retention of the Corridor............. 400
7. Recommendations................................. 401

X. RECOMMENDATIONS................................... 409
1. The Botany Goods Line........................... 409
2. The Bexley Road Option.......................... 409
2.1.. Bexley Road Option........................ 409
2.2.. The Bestic Street/Villiers Street
Sub-Option................................ 409
2.3.. The Rockdale By-pass Corridor............. 410
2.4.. The Campsie By-pass Corridor.............. 410
3. The South-Western Option........................ 410
3.1.. The South-Western Option.................. 410
3.2.. Roadworks Within the Study Area........... 411
3.3.. If the South-Western Option is
Adopted................................... 411
3.4.. The Retention of the South-Western
Corridor.................................. 414
3.5.. An Alternative View on the
Corridor.................................. 414
4. The Cooks River Option.......................... 415
4.1.. The Cooks River Option.................... 415
4.2.. If the Cooks River Option is
Adopted................................... 415
4.3.. The Retention of the Cooks River
Corridor.................................. 417

XI. THE APPOINTMENT OF THE INQUIRY................... 421
1. Chronology of Events............................ 421
2. Submissions Made to the Inquiry................. 423
3. Consultants to the Inquiry...................... 424

TABLES
Page

Table 1 -  Southern Routes Travel Times
and Speeds................................ 60
Table 2 -  C.A.U. Values............................. 67
Table 3 -  Study Intersections Divided into
Classes Depending Upon the C.A.U. Value... 67
Table 4 -  AADT Growth Across Screenline Ten........ 103
Table 5 -  Forecast Base Case 1991 AM Peak
Traffic Flows Across Selected
Screenlines.............................. 104
Table 6 -  Kingsford Smith Airport Daily
and A.M. Peak Vehicle Trips by
Sector 1985.............................. 115
Table 7 -  Population Estimates Central
Industrial Area.......................... 124
Table 8 -  Worker Density Estimates for
Various Industries....................... 128
Table 9 -  Industrially Used and Zoned Land
(1974)................................... 130
Table 10 - A.M. Peak Trip Estimates
(excluding port and airport).............. 13
Table 11 - Comparison Between Population
Estimates for the Western Region
1990/1991................................ 140
Table 12 - Comparison Between Population
Estimates for the Western Region
2000/2001................................ 141
Table 13 - Traffic Growth in the South-
Western Corridor 1971-1979............... 142
Table 14 - South-Western Region Population
Projections Year 2000.................... 143
Table 15 - AADT’s Beamish Street, Campsie........... 220


FIGURES
Page

Figure 1 - Central Industrial Area................... 10
Figure 2 - Major Residential Areas
Western Sydney Region..................... 12
Figure 3 - South-West Sector......................... 13
Figure 4 - Wide Spaced West Option MANS Committee.... 20
Figure 5 - Kyeemagh-Chullora Route Study
Generalised Existing Land Use............. 27
Figure 6 - Southern Survey Routes.................... 59
Figure 7 - Peak Average Speeds (1978)................ 62
Figure 8 - A.M. Peak Congestion...................... 63
Figure 9 - P.M. Peak Congestion...................... 64
Figure 10 - Off Peak Congestion....................... 65
Figure 11 - Queuing Sites by Five Classes............. 69
Figure 12 - Major Queuing on Arterial
Roads..................................... 70
Figure 13 - Major Queuing Related to Retail Centres... 71
Figure 14 - Kyeemagh-Chullora Route Study
Existing Traffic Conditions at
Intersections............................. 77
Figure 15 - Kyeemagh-Chullora Route Study
1976 A.M. Peak Traffic Flows
Across Selected Screenlines............... 79
Figure 16 - Kyeemagh-Chullora Route Study
Road Proposals Adopted for
Base Case Road Network.................... 96
Figure 17 - Close Spaced Runway Option
Kingsford Smith Airport.................. 107
Figure 18 - Priority Ratings for Commercial
Corridors in Sydney...................... 136
Figure 19 - Kyeemagh-Chullora Route Study
Principal Road Options Studied........... 153
Figure 20 - Campsie By-Pass.......................... 201
Figure 21 - Bestic Street/Villiers Street
Sub-Option............................... 204
Figure 22 - Comparison Between the Original Alignment
and the Revised Alignment for the
South-Western Option..................... 237
Figure 23 - The Use of the Railway Easement for
the South-Western Option................. 241
Figure 24 - Kyeemagh-Chullora Route Study
Extensions and Committed Works........... 244
Figure 25 - Macquarie and Carrington Spurs to
the South-Western Option................. 287


APPENDICES

Appendix 1 -   Guide to Persons Making a
Submission to the Inquiry.
Appendix 2 -   Congestion Index (Transport System
Management Study 1978).
Appendix 3 -   AADT Traffic Volumes Across
Selected Screenlines.
Appendix 4 -   Press Advertisement Calling For
Submissions to the Inquiry.
Appendix 5 -   Press Advertisement Notifying
Commencement of Public Hearings.
Appendix 6 -   List of Written Submissions Received
and Tendered as Evidence to the
Kyeemagh-Chullora Road Inquiry.
Appendix 7 -   List of Persons Who presented Oral
Evidence to the Inquiry.


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