CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION - VOLUME II - January, 1981
A.
TRANSPORT CRITERIA
I. TRAFFIC
PROBLEMS.................................... 5
1. When is
Traffic a Problem?..................... 5
1.1 Present
and Future Problems.............. 5
1.2 What is a Traffic Problem?............... 5
1.3 Traffic is Growing...................... 6
1.4 Traffic and Public Transport............. 7
1.5 The Metropolitan Road System will
Continue to Function..................... 8
1.6 The Consequences of Doing Nothing....... 11
1.2 What is a Traffic Problem?............... 5
1.3 Traffic is Growing...................... 6
1.4 Traffic and Public Transport............. 7
1.5 The Metropolitan Road System will
Continue to Function..................... 8
1.6 The Consequences of Doing Nothing....... 11
II. TRAFFIC
AND LAND USE.............................. 13
1. The
Principle...................................... 13
1.1
Statement of the Principle................... 13
1.2 The Implications............................. 14
1.3 The Aims of the Land Use/Transport Planning
Process...................................... 15
1.4 The Objective Stated by the Joint Study
Report....................................... 16
1.2 The Implications............................. 14
1.3 The Aims of the Land Use/Transport Planning
Process...................................... 15
1.4 The Objective Stated by the Joint Study
Report....................................... 16
2. The Need
for Co-ordination......................... 18
2.1 The
Distinction Between Theory and
Practice..................................... 18
2.2 Inhibitions to Co-ordination................. 2l
2.3 The Position in New South Wales.............. 23
Practice..................................... 18
2.2 Inhibitions to Co-ordination................. 2l
2.3 The Position in New South Wales.............. 23
3. The
Solution to Transport Problems................. 24
3.1 Introduction................................. 24
3.2 Transport Problems may not Need Transport
Solutions.................................... 24
3.2 Transport Problems may not Need Transport
Solutions.................................... 24
3.3 A
Transport Solution to a Transport
Problem may be Undesirable................... 31
Problem may be Undesirable................... 31
4. The Land
Use Consequences of Transport Decisions... 36
4.1 The
Concept of a Travel Budget............... 36
4.2 The Influence of Transport Upon City
Shape........................................ 39
4.3 Where Facilities are not Built............... 43
4.2 The Influence of Transport Upon City
Shape........................................ 39
4.3 Where Facilities are not Built............... 43
5. The
Transport Consequence of Land-Use Decisions.... 45
5.1 The
Western Region........................... 45
5.2 Botany Bay port/Mascot Airport............... 46
5.2 Botany Bay port/Mascot Airport............... 46
III.
CONGESTION
1. What is
Congestion?................................ 47
1.1 Medical
Terminology.......................... 47
1.2 The Capacity of a Road....................... 47
1.3 How is Congestion Defined?................... 49
1.2 The Capacity of a Road....................... 47
1.3 How is Congestion Defined?................... 49
2. Should
Congestion Always be Eliminated?............ 50
2.1 The
Evidence of the Department of
Main Roads................................... 50
2.2 The Nature of Traffic Demand................. 53
2.3 The Expansion of Traffic to Fi11
Available Road Space......................... 55
2.4 Comments by the Department of Main
Roads Upon the principle..................... 58
2.5 The Views of the Traffic Authority
of New South Wales........................... 59
2.6 Congestion Must be Accepted in
Certain Areas................................ 61
2.7 Other Reasons why Congestion must
be To1erated................................. 62
Main Roads................................... 50
2.2 The Nature of Traffic Demand................. 53
2.3 The Expansion of Traffic to Fi11
Available Road Space......................... 55
2.4 Comments by the Department of Main
Roads Upon the principle..................... 58
2.5 The Views of the Traffic Authority
of New South Wales........................... 59
2.6 Congestion Must be Accepted in
Certain Areas................................ 61
2.7 Other Reasons why Congestion must
be To1erated................................. 62
IV. ACCESSIBILITY
1. What is
Accessibility?............................. 66
1.1 Definition................................... 66
1.2 Certain Distinctions are Important........... 66
1.2 Certain Distinctions are Important........... 66
2. Accessibility
is a Facet of the Land Use/
Transportation Interaction......................... 66
Transportation Interaction......................... 66
2.1
Consequences where Accessibility is
Pursued as an Ideal.......................... 66
2.2 The Benefits Opened up by
Maximizing Accessibility..................... 74
2.3 The Opportunities for Recreation
and Shopping Journeys........................ 75
2.4 Contrast a Plan Dedicated to
Accessibility with Regions................... 77
2.5 Where there is a problem of
Accessibility, What can be Done.............. 80
Pursued as an Ideal.......................... 66
2.2 The Benefits Opened up by
Maximizing Accessibility..................... 74
2.3 The Opportunities for Recreation
and Shopping Journeys........................ 75
2.4 Contrast a Plan Dedicated to
Accessibility with Regions................... 77
2.5 Where there is a problem of
Accessibility, What can be Done.............. 80
3. Accessibility
in Sydney............................ 81
3.1 Journey
Times in Sydney Compared, to
Other Capital Cities......................... 81
3.2 Accessibility by public Transport............ 82
3.3 Differences in Accessibility for
Various parts of Sydney...................... 83
3.4 Accessibility for Trucks..................... 86
Other Capital Cities......................... 81
3.2 Accessibility by public Transport............ 82
3.3 Differences in Accessibility for
Various parts of Sydney...................... 83
3.4 Accessibility for Trucks..................... 86
3.4.1 The
problem posed by Trucks........... 86
3.4.2 The Missing East-West Link............ 88
3.4.3 Shopping Centre By-passes............. 91
3.4.2 The Missing East-West Link............ 88
3.4.3 Shopping Centre By-passes............. 91
4. Accessibility
May Have to Be Sacrificed
to Other Objectives................................ 91
to Other Objectives................................ 91
4.1 Accessibility
is but one Variable............ 91
4.2 Restraint of Motor Vehicles.................. 92
4.3 Inhibitions to Accessibility may
Protect the Environment...................... 94
4.2 Restraint of Motor Vehicles.................. 92
4.3 Inhibitions to Accessibility may
Protect the Environment...................... 94
V. HIERARCHY
OF ROADS................................. 99
1. What is
a Road Hierarchy?.......................... 99
1.1 The
Functiona1 Classification of Roads....... 99
1.2 Historical perspective...................... 100
1.3 The Classification of Roads................. 101
1.4 How the Classification is Made.............. 105
1.2 Historical perspective...................... 100
1.3 The Classification of Roads................. 101
1.4 How the Classification is Made.............. 105
2. Truck Routeing.................................... 106
2.1 The
Concept of Truck Routeing............... 106
2.2 What Routes Should the Trucks Follow?....... 107
2.2 What Routes Should the Trucks Follow?....... 107
3. The Implementation
of the Road Hierarchy.......... 110
3.1 Piecemeal
Implementation.................... 110
3.2 The Canterbury Council...................... 111
3.3 The Opportunity Offered by SCAT............. 112
3.4 Should the Hierarchy be Developed Before
any Commitment to a Major Road Project...... 115
3.2 The Canterbury Council...................... 111
3.3 The Opportunity Offered by SCAT............. 112
3.4 Should the Hierarchy be Developed Before
any Commitment to a Major Road Project...... 115
VI. FORECASTING...................................... 117
1. Forecasting
Future Travel......................... 117
1.1 Why are
Forecasts Necessary?................ 117
1.2 The Hazards of Forecasting.................. 118
1.3 The Danger of Traffic Forecasts............. 120
1.2 The Hazards of Forecasting.................. 118
1.3 The Danger of Traffic Forecasts............. 120
2. Techniques
of Forecasting......................... 122
2.1
Extrapolation of past Trends................ 122
2.2 The 'Four Step’ Model....................... 124
2.2 The 'Four Step’ Model....................... 124
VII. TRAFFIC
MODELLING
1. The Technique
Described........................... 125
1.1 Introduction................................ 125
1.2 Traffic is Regular and Therefore Predictable 125
1.3 The Model Reproduces the Morning Peak....... 126
1.4 The Methodology Employed, in the
Transportation Model........................ 127
1.2 Traffic is Regular and Therefore Predictable 125
1.3 The Model Reproduces the Morning Peak....... 126
1.4 The Methodology Employed, in the
Transportation Model........................ 127
2. The Four-Step
Model............................... 130
2.1 Step 1:
Trip Production/Attraction.......... 130
2.1.1 Data
Collection and
Survey............................... 130
2.1.2 The Trip Generation and
Trip Attraction Equations
Derived by SATS...................... 131
2.1.3 The Information Required to Calculate
the Number of Trips.................. 133
2.1.4 The Compilation of Data by Zone...... 134
Survey............................... 130
2.1.2 The Trip Generation and
Trip Attraction Equations
Derived by SATS...................... 131
2.1.3 The Information Required to Calculate
the Number of Trips.................. 133
2.1.4 The Compilation of Data by Zone...... 134
2.2 Step 2:
Trip Distribution................... 135
2.3 Step 3: Modal Split......................... 137
2.3 Step 3: Modal Split......................... 137
2.3.1 Introduction......................... 137
2.3.2 The Methodology Employed in
Determining Public Transport Users... 138
2.3.2 The Methodology Employed in
Determining Public Transport Users... 138
2.4 Step 4:
Trip Assignment..................... 140
2.5 Forecasting with the Four-Step Model........ 143
2.5 Forecasting with the Four-Step Model........ 143
3. Limitations
of the Four-Step Model................ 144
3.1
Introduction................................ 144
3.2 The Mode1 Assumes Tomorrow Will be a
Bigger Version of Today..................... 146
3.3 The Performance of Other Similar
Traffic Models.............................. 147
3.4 The Model Assumes a Fixed Trip Matrix....... 150
3.2 The Mode1 Assumes Tomorrow Will be a
Bigger Version of Today..................... 146
3.3 The Performance of Other Similar
Traffic Models.............................. 147
3.4 The Model Assumes a Fixed Trip Matrix....... 150
3.4.1 Trip Suppression
Through Congestion.. 150
3.4.2 Traffic Generated by the Facility.... 151
3.4.2 Traffic Generated by the Facility.... 151
3.5 The
Model Assumes a Fixed Land Use Plan..... 152
3.6 The Mode1 Ignores the Capacity of
Policy to Alter Trends...................... 154
3.7 Insensitivity of the Model to Fuel Shortage. 156
3.8 The Public's Understanding of the Model..... 158
3.9 The Possibility of Significant Change....... 160
3.10 The Move Towards Simpler Models............ 161
3.6 The Mode1 Ignores the Capacity of
Policy to Alter Trends...................... 154
3.7 Insensitivity of the Model to Fuel Shortage. 156
3.8 The Public's Understanding of the Model..... 158
3.9 The Possibility of Significant Change....... 160
3.10 The Move Towards Simpler Models............ 161
4. Major Assumptions
Underlying the Model............ 161
4.1 Introduction................................ 161
4.2 Estimates of population and its Location.... 161
4.3 Employment and Land Use..................... 170
4.4 The Growth in Car Ownership................. 172
4.2 Estimates of population and its Location.... 161
4.3 Employment and Land Use..................... 170
4.4 The Growth in Car Ownership................. 172
4.4.1 The
Approach by the SATS Study....... 172
4.4.2 Criticism of the Car Ownership Model. 175
4.4.3 The Performance of the Car
Ownership Model...................... 177
4.4.2 Criticism of the Car Ownership Model. 175
4.4.3 The Performance of the Car
Ownership Model...................... 177
4.5 Economic
Growth and Workforce Participation. 179
4.6 The Price and Availability of Fuel.......... 179
4.6 The Price and Availability of Fuel.......... 179
4.6.1 The Issues which Must be Addressed.. 179
4.6.2 The Judgement of Other Inquiries.... 190
4.6.3 The Supply of Oil in Australia...... 194
4.6.4 The prospects of New Discoveries.... 196
4.6.5 The prospects of a Petroleum
Substitute.......................... 199
4.6.6 What, then, are the prospects for
Australia?.......................... 190
4.6.7 The Wor1d’s Supply of Oil........... 191
4.6.9 The OPEC Organisation............... 193
4.6.10 Australia's Supply of Oil
is Highly Uncertain................. 194
4.6.11 The Effect of Fuel price
Rises on Travel Demand.............. 197
4.6.12 Postcript on Land Use............... 199
4.6.2 The Judgement of Other Inquiries.... 190
4.6.3 The Supply of Oil in Australia...... 194
4.6.4 The prospects of New Discoveries.... 196
4.6.5 The prospects of a Petroleum
Substitute.......................... 199
4.6.6 What, then, are the prospects for
Australia?.......................... 190
4.6.7 The Wor1d’s Supply of Oil........... 191
4.6.9 The OPEC Organisation............... 193
4.6.10 Australia's Supply of Oil
is Highly Uncertain................. 194
4.6.11 The Effect of Fuel price
Rises on Travel Demand.............. 197
4.6.12 Postcript on Land Use............... 199
5. The
Application of the Model in the Present
Inquiry........................................... 200
Inquiry........................................... 200
5.1 The
Triptables Used in the Inquiry.......... 200
5.2 Can the Inquiry Rely Upon Triptable D?...... 201
5.3 The Model Measures Corridor Movements....... 208
5.4 The Use of the Model in the Inquiry......... 209
5.2 Can the Inquiry Rely Upon Triptable D?...... 201
5.3 The Model Measures Corridor Movements....... 208
5.4 The Use of the Model in the Inquiry......... 209
VIII. PRIORITIES..................................... 217
1. The Road
Construction Budget...................... 271
1.1 The
Road Construction Budget is Shrinking... 211
1.2 The Present Sydney/Metropolitan Budget...... 213
1.2 The Present Sydney/Metropolitan Budget...... 213
2. The Ordering of priorities....................... 214
2.1 The Issues to be Addressed.................. 214
2.2 The Method Employed by the Department of
Main Roads.................................. 215
2.3 The Use by the Department of Main Roads of
Cost/Benefit Analysis....................... 217
2.4 The Equitable Allocation of Funds........... 218
2.5 The Need to Examine a Range of Alternatives. 220
2.2 The Method Employed by the Department of
Main Roads.................................. 215
2.3 The Use by the Department of Main Roads of
Cost/Benefit Analysis....................... 217
2.4 The Equitable Allocation of Funds........... 218
2.5 The Need to Examine a Range of Alternatives. 220
B. PLANNING CRITERIA
I. HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVE............................ 229
1.
Transportation Planning in Sydney................. 229
1.1 Introduction................................ 229
1.2 The County of Cumberland Plan 1951.......... 229
1.3 The Sydney Region Outline Plan.............. 232
1.4 The Commonwealth Bureau of Roads 1973....... 239
1.5 The Report of the Urban Transport Advisory
Committee (URTAC) 1976...................... 242
1.2 The County of Cumberland Plan 1951.......... 229
1.3 The Sydney Region Outline Plan.............. 232
1.4 The Commonwealth Bureau of Roads 1973....... 239
1.5 The Report of the Urban Transport Advisory
Committee (URTAC) 1976...................... 242
2.
Transport Corridors............................... 244
2.1 Historical
Introduction..................... 244
2.2 URTAC Report of March 1976.................. 245
2.3 The Concept of Declared Corridors........... 247
2.4 Planning Without a Corridor................. 251
2.5 The Corridors in the present Inquiry........ 252
2.2 URTAC Report of March 1976.................. 245
2.3 The Concept of Declared Corridors........... 247
2.4 Planning Without a Corridor................. 251
2.5 The Corridors in the present Inquiry........ 252
C. ECONOMIC CRITERIA
I. COST/BENEFIT
ANALYSIS
1. The
Technique of Cost/Benefit Analysis............ 259
1.1 Introduction................................ 259
1.2 What is Cost/Benefit Analysis............... 261
1.3 What Benefits and Costs are Included
in the Analysis?............................ 261
1.4 Property Acquisition and Construction Costs. 262
1.2 What is Cost/Benefit Analysis............... 261
1.3 What Benefits and Costs are Included
in the Analysis?............................ 261
1.4 Property Acquisition and Construction Costs. 262
1.4.1 The
Costs Must be Accurate........... 262
1.4.2 Value of property Already Acquired... 263
1.4.3 Value of Open Space Resumed.......... 263
1.4.4 Maintenance Costs.................... 264
1.4.2 Value of property Already Acquired... 263
1.4.3 Value of Open Space Resumed.......... 263
1.4.4 Maintenance Costs.................... 264
1.5 The
Benefit of Operating Costs Savings...... 264
1.6 The Benefit of Time Savings................. 266
1.6 The Benefit of Time Savings................. 266
1.6.1 The
Issues which must be Considered.. 266
1.6.2 Smal1 Time Savings................... 266
1.6.3 The Value of Time.................... 269
1.6.2 Smal1 Time Savings................... 266
1.6.3 The Value of Time.................... 269
1.7 The
Benefit of Accident Savings............. 271
1.8 How are Costs and Benefits Calculated?...... 273
1.9 Expansion Factors........................... 274
1.8 How are Costs and Benefits Calculated?...... 273
1.9 Expansion Factors........................... 274
1.9.1 What
is an Expansion Factor?......... 274
1.9.2 Conversion of peak Benefits to
Daily Benefits....................... 275
1.9.3 Expansion of 24-hour Benefits to
Annual Benefits...................... 276
1.9.2 Conversion of peak Benefits to
Daily Benefits....................... 275
1.9.3 Expansion of 24-hour Benefits to
Annual Benefits...................... 276
1.10 The
Discount Rate.......................... 278
1.11 The Benefit/Cost Ratio and
Other Related Concepts..................... 280
1.l2 Sensitivity Tests.......................... 282
1.11 The Benefit/Cost Ratio and
Other Related Concepts..................... 280
1.l2 Sensitivity Tests.......................... 282
2. Limitations
of Cost/Benefit Analysis.............. 283
2.1 Introduction............................... 283
2.2 The Technique is Dependent Upon an Ability
to Predict Traffic Flows on Sydney Streets
in 10-15 Years’ Time....................... 284
2.3 Criticism of What it Includes.............. 285
2.4 Criticism of What the Analysis Excludes.... 287
2.5 Criticism of the Assumptions: The
Inclusion of Certain Benefits.............. 288
2.6 It is Inappropriate to Concentrate on
Travel Speed............................... 289
2.7 The Effect on Public Transport is Ignored.. 289
2.8 Cost/Benefit Analysis is Inherently
Conservative and Favours Existing Modes.... 290
2.9 The Danger that the Analysis will be Given
Undue Weight because it Produces a Number.. 290
2.10 The Analysis Disguises Choices
Arrived at by Other Means.................. 290
2.11 The Cost/Benefit Analysis Hides the Issue
of Equity; Who Gains and Who Loses......... 291
2.12 It is Unintelligible to a Layperson........ 291
2.2 The Technique is Dependent Upon an Ability
to Predict Traffic Flows on Sydney Streets
in 10-15 Years’ Time....................... 284
2.3 Criticism of What it Includes.............. 285
2.4 Criticism of What the Analysis Excludes.... 287
2.5 Criticism of the Assumptions: The
Inclusion of Certain Benefits.............. 288
2.6 It is Inappropriate to Concentrate on
Travel Speed............................... 289
2.7 The Effect on Public Transport is Ignored.. 289
2.8 Cost/Benefit Analysis is Inherently
Conservative and Favours Existing Modes.... 290
2.9 The Danger that the Analysis will be Given
Undue Weight because it Produces a Number.. 290
2.10 The Analysis Disguises Choices
Arrived at by Other Means.................. 290
2.11 The Cost/Benefit Analysis Hides the Issue
of Equity; Who Gains and Who Loses......... 291
2.12 It is Unintelligible to a Layperson........ 291
3. The Role
of Cost/Benefit Analysis in
Environmental Inquiries........................... 292
Environmental Inquiries........................... 292
3.1 The
Merits of the Technique................. 292
3.2 The Role of Cost Effectiveness.............. 294
3.3 Cost/Benefit Analysis One of Many Factors... 295
3.2 The Role of Cost Effectiveness.............. 294
3.3 Cost/Benefit Analysis One of Many Factors... 295
4. The
Application of Cost/Benefit Analysis
in the Present Inquiry............................ 296
in the Present Inquiry............................ 296
4.1 Problems with the Modelling Procedure...... 296
4.2 The Cost Estimates used in the Analysis.... 297
4.3 The Cost of the Cooks River Option......... 297
4.4 The Cost of Widening Canterbury Road....... 299
4.5 The Value of Businesses Affected........... 302
4.6 The Valuation of properties in the South
Western Corridor........................... 303
4.7 The Valuation of Open Space................ 304
4.8 Construction Costs not Supported by
Investigation.............................. 306
4.9 Other Minor Blemishes Upon the Cost
Estimates.................................. 308
4.10 Other Matters Affecting Cost Estimates..... 309
4.11 The Discount Year.......................... 311
4.12 The Benefits for the South Western Option.. 311
4.13 Marginal Cost/Benefit Analysis............. 312
4.2 The Cost Estimates used in the Analysis.... 297
4.3 The Cost of the Cooks River Option......... 297
4.4 The Cost of Widening Canterbury Road....... 299
4.5 The Value of Businesses Affected........... 302
4.6 The Valuation of properties in the South
Western Corridor........................... 303
4.7 The Valuation of Open Space................ 304
4.8 Construction Costs not Supported by
Investigation.............................. 306
4.9 Other Minor Blemishes Upon the Cost
Estimates.................................. 308
4.10 Other Matters Affecting Cost Estimates..... 309
4.11 The Discount Year.......................... 311
4.12 The Benefits for the South Western Option.. 311
4.13 Marginal Cost/Benefit Analysis............. 312
II. EQUITY........................................... 315
1. The
Concept of Equity............................. 315
1.1 The
Meaning of the Term..................... 315
1.2 The Importance of Equity to the
Evaluation Process.......................... 316
1.3 Submissions to the Inquiry.................. 317
1.4 The Issue Not Adequately Addressed by
Government Departments in the Inquiry....... 318
1.2 The Importance of Equity to the
Evaluation Process.......................... 316
1.3 Submissions to the Inquiry.................. 317
1.4 The Issue Not Adequately Addressed by
Government Departments in the Inquiry....... 318
2. The
Questions Relevant to Judging Equity.......... 321
2.1 What
are the Benefits?...................... 321
2.2 Who Receives the Benefits?.................. 322
2.3 Who is Disadvantaged and What is the Nature
of the Disadvantage?........................ 324
2.4 To What Extent do those Deriving Benefits
and those Suffering Disadvantages Coincide?. 325
2.5 What Measures are proposed to Ameliorate
Disadvantages Suffered?..................... 327
2.6 Consideration of those without Cars and
of Public Transport......................... 328
2.2 Who Receives the Benefits?.................. 322
2.3 Who is Disadvantaged and What is the Nature
of the Disadvantage?........................ 324
2.4 To What Extent do those Deriving Benefits
and those Suffering Disadvantages Coincide?. 325
2.5 What Measures are proposed to Ameliorate
Disadvantages Suffered?..................... 327
2.6 Consideration of those without Cars and
of Public Transport......................... 328
3.
Techniques for Considering Issues of Equity....... 330
3.1 The
Planning Balance Sheet Technique........ 330
3.2 Viewing each Alternative from the
Perspective of Different Groups............. 331
3.2 Viewing each Alternative from the
Perspective of Different Groups............. 331
4. The
Concept of Accountability..................... 332
4.1 The
Concept Explained....................... 332
4.2 Do Expressions of Public Preference
Determine the Result?....................... 333
4.2 Do Expressions of Public Preference
Determine the Result?....................... 333
TABLES
Table 1 – Forecast of Average Annual
Kilometres per Vehicle...................... 6
Kilometres per Vehicle...................... 6
Table 2 – Average Length of Journey to
Work
in Major Employment Areas.................. 37
in Major Employment Areas.................. 37
Table 3 – Average Duration of Journey to Work
by Residential Area and Sex 1971........... 38
by Residential Area and Sex 1971........... 38
Table 4 - Average Duration of the Journey to
Work by Main Travel Mode and Employment
Area 1971.................................. 38
Work by Main Travel Mode and Employment
Area 1971.................................. 38
Table 5 – The Local Balance Between Workers and
Jobs by Sex................................ 70
Jobs by Sex................................ 70
Table 6 – The Response to Local Job Opportunities
by Sex..................................... 71
by Sex..................................... 71
Table 7 - Duration of the Journey to Work
Australia, 1974............................ 81
Australia, 1974............................ 81
Table 8 - The Job Opportunities within Forty
Minutes (1976)............................. 85
Minutes (1976)............................. 85
Table 9 - Percentages of Sydney Region's
Manufacturing and Non-Manufacturing
Employment Opportunities within
40 Minutes Travel Time..................... 96
Manufacturing and Non-Manufacturing
Employment Opportunities within
40 Minutes Travel Time..................... 96
Table 10 - Rank
of Percentages of Sydney Regions
Manufacturing and Non-Manufacturing
Employment Opportunities within
40 Minutes Travel Time..................... 96
Manufacturing and Non-Manufacturing
Employment Opportunities within
40 Minutes Travel Time..................... 96
Table 11 - Percentage
of Sydney Region's
Employment Opportunities within
40 Minutes Travel Time for 1971,
1976, 1991................................. 97
Employment Opportunities within
40 Minutes Travel Time for 1971,
1976, 1991................................. 97
Table 12 - Rank
of Percentage of Sydney Region’s
Employment Opportunities within 40
Minutes Travel Time for 1971,
1976, 1991................................. 98
Employment Opportunities within 40
Minutes Travel Time for 1971,
1976, 1991................................. 98
Table 13 - Motor
Vehicle Registrations 1910-1979..... 100
Tab1e 14 - Number
of Children Considered Ideal in
Australia (percentage of Respondents)..... 163
Australia (percentage of Respondents)..... 163
Tab1e 15 - Comparison
of the Low Estimate
Technical Bulletin No. 8 and
the Medium Estimate, February, 1979....... 167
Technical Bulletin No. 8 and
the Medium Estimate, February, 1979....... 167
Tab1e 16 - Sources
of Australia's Imported
Oi1 1975-76............................... 192
Oi1 1975-76............................... 192
Tab1e 17 - Comparison
of Triptables and Trip
Growths................................... 203
Growths................................... 203
Tab1e 18 - Projected
Peak Period Movement
(Major Direction) Base Case............... 204
(Major Direction) Base Case............... 204
Tab1e 19 - Projected
Peak period Movement (Major
Direction) Cooks River Route.............. 204
Direction) Cooks River Route.............. 204
Tab1e 20 - Projected
Peak period Movement (Major
Direction) South-Western Freeway.......... 205
Direction) South-Western Freeway.......... 205
Tab1e 21 - Commonwealth
Government Expenditure
1969/70 and 1978/79....................... 212
1969/70 and 1978/79....................... 212
Tab1e 22 – Population
Projections Sydney Region
Outline Plan.............................. 237
Outline Plan.............................. 237
Tab1e 23 - Population
Projection Made in 1979 by the
Planning and Environment Commission....... 237
Planning and Environment Commission....... 237
Tab1e 24 - Comparison
Between Population Estimates... 238
Tab1e 25 - Vehicle
Operating Costs
(Cents/Kilometre)......................... 265
(Cents/Kilometre)......................... 265
FIGURES
Figure 1 – Employment in Relation to Work Force...... 27
Figiure 2 –
SATS Recommended Highway System
for Sydney................................ 33
for Sydney................................ 33
Figure 3 – Sydney Area Transportation Study
Recommended Highway System................ 76
Recommended Highway System................ 76
Figure 4 - Major Freight Areas and Main Roads
South of Sydney Harbour (1975............. 87
South of Sydney Harbour (1975............. 87
Figure 5 – Functional Classification of Roads....... 102
Figure 6 – Growth - Princes Highway at Cooks
River Bridge, Tempe...................... 123
River Bridge, Tempe...................... 123
Figure 7 – Work Journeys to Manufacturing Jobs
from Home................................ 136
from Home................................ 136
Figure 8 – Car Ownership Against Time (The
Logistic Curve Used in the United
Kingdom)................................. 174
Logistic Curve Used in the United
Kingdom)................................. 174
Figure 9 - Comparison of Retail Petrol Prices
with Average Earnings (in 1978 dollars).. 182
with Average Earnings (in 1978 dollars).. 182
Figure 10 –
Australian Energy Demand................. 185
Figure 11 –
Australia - Oi1 Supply/Demand (No New
Oil Discoveries)......................... 186
Oil Discoveries)......................... 186
Figure 12 -
Australia - Oil Supply (with New
Discoveries)............................. 188
Discoveries)............................. 188
Figure 13 -
Distribution of Known Oil Reserves....... 192
Figure 14 -
Expenditure on Construction of Roads
and Bridges in the County of Cumberland
by D.M.R. 1949/50 to 1976/77............. 211
and Bridges in the County of Cumberland
by D.M.R. 1949/50 to 1976/77............. 211
Figure 15 -
Cost Effectiveness Graph................. 294
ANNEXURES
Annexure 1
- Transportation Modelling - An
Esoteric Exercise by W.R. Blunden....... 338
Esoteric Exercise by W.R. Blunden....... 338
Annexure 2
- Cost-Benefit Analysis in the
Kyeemagh-Chullora Road Inquiry
by M.E. Beesley......................... 349
Kyeemagh-Chullora Road Inquiry
by M.E. Beesley......................... 349
Annexure 3
- Discussion of the Economic
Analysis of Highway Improvements
by W.R. Blunden......................... 372
Analysis of Highway Improvements
by W.R. Blunden......................... 372
